El mejoramiento genético de cebadilla criolla (Bromus catharticus Vahl) en Argentina: síntesis de los logros y avances / The genetic improvement of prairie grass (Bromus catharticus Vahl) in Argentina: synthesis of achievements and advances

RESUMEN La cebadilla criolla (Bromus catharticus Vahl) es la gramínea forrajera nativa anual/bianual de clima templado de mayor importancia y difusión en la Argentina. Varios autores han estudiado la variabilidad fenotípica en caracteres morfofisiológicos en cultivares y poblaciones nativas de cebadilla criolla. Las primeras variedades cultivadas comerciales de cebadilla criolla, eran poblaciones heterogéneas a las que se las consideraba de mejor adaptación a toda la región de cultivo. Con los estudios de caracterización genética, agronómica y molecular de las poblaciones base de selección y del germoplasma conservado en el banco activo de INTA Pergamino, se contribuyó a conocer y conservar la diversidad genética disponible y al mismo tiempo, disponer de variabilidad genética utilizable en programas de mejoramiento. Los cultivares públicos más representativos considerados en este trabajo fueron: Pergamino Martín Fierro MAG, Fierro Plus INTA, Bar INTA 200, Rosalía INTA e INTA Calvu, en los que se desarrollaron paquetes tecnológicos asociados a la utilización en producción animal.

ABSTRACT The prairie grass (Bromus catharticus Vahl) is the annual/biennial native forage grass of temperate climates of most importance and diffusion in Argentina. Several authors have studied the phenotypic variability in morphophysiological characters in cultivars and native populations of prairie grass. The first commercial cultivars were heterogeneous populations that were considered the best adapted in the temperate region of Argentina. Genetic, agronomic and molecular characterization of the selection base populations and of the germplasm conserved in the active bank of INTA Pergamino, contributed to knowing and conserving the available genetic diversity and, at the same time, provided usable genetic variability in breeding. The most representative cultivars considered in this work were Pergamino Martín Fierro MAG; Fierro Plus INTA, Bar INTA 200, Rosalía INTA and INTA Calvu, in which technological packages associated with the utilization in animal production were developed.

On the training of rural-order tuition-waived medical students and its impact on grass-roots public health services / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To discuss the role of rural-order tuition-waived medical students in grass-roots public health, and put forward pertinent suggestions for further improving the effectiveness of rural directional general practitioner training programs.Methods:Through interviews with 63 graduated rural-order tuition-waived medical undergraduates from rural primary medical institutions in Sichuan Province, the standard procedures of spindle encoding and content analysis were used to analyze the influence of the training effect of rural-order tuition-waived medical students on grass-roots public health services.Results:The results showed that the training effect of rural-order tuition-waived medical students mainly reflected in theoretical learning, practical work ability, future career planning and post-graduation education, among which the training effect of theoretical learning and practical work ability was better. Rural-order tuition-waived medical students played a positive role in grass-roots public health services, mainly in the protection of key populations, home prevention and management of the elderly and chronic diseases patients, and home prevention and management of children and pregnant women.Conclusion:The measures for rural-order tuition-waived medical students to provide grass-roots public health services should include that the supporting policies of the state and schools can be continuously improved and implemented, college teachers should pay more attention to the guidance of the humanistic spirit of general medical students, and the curriculum system construction of rural-order tuition-waived medical students should highlight the courses related to grass-roots and general medicine. In the process of student training, we should construct effective practical methods and strengthen post-employment continuing education.

Assessments of some trace metals in water samples of nursery pond of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Valenciennes, 1844) in Bannu Fish Hatchery of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan / Avaliações de alguns vestígios de metais em amostras de água de viveiro de carpa capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Valenciennes, 1844) em Bannu Fish Hatchery de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

The present investigation was aimed to examine the concentrations of trace metals including e.g copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in water samples collected from nursery pond of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in Bannu Hatchery of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during the period from April 2018 to January 2019. The temperature and pH of each water sample were measured for the whole study duration. The concentration of Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn) in collected water samples were measured in mg/liter by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The blank and standard solutions for device calibration Standard solutions i.e., 2.0 mg, 4.0 mg, and 6.0 were used to measure the concentration of these metals in water samples to verify the measurements. The data was statistically analyzed on descriptive statistics (estimation of proportions and standard deviation) used to summarize mean concentration. The results obtained of both temperature and pH of water samples were found in ranged 10 to 36 0C and 7.0 to 8.44; whereas the size of fry stages was ranged from 4.0 to 56.0 mm in total length. The results of investigated metals found in pond water samples are in order of Zn>Mn>Ni>Cu, respectively. As optimum temperature and pH for grass carp were mostly between 15 0C and 30 0C and pH 6.5 to 8.0. It was concluded from obtained results that temperature, pH, and trace metals were found appropriate for the growth of Ctenopharyngodon idella from fry to fingerling stages, but the highest amount of zinc can cause its mortality. It is a preliminary study on grass carp culturing in Bannu fish hatchery so, it would provide useful information for model fish seed production unit in a hatchery.

A presente investigação teve como objetivo examinar as concentrações de metais traço, incluindo cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), níquel (Ni) e zinco (Zn) em amostras de água coletadas de viveiro de carpa-capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) em Incubatório de Bannu de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa durante o período de abril de 2018 a janeiro de 2019. A temperatura e o pH de cada amostra de água foram medidos durante todo o período do estudo. A concentração de cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), níquel (Ni) e zinco (Zn) nas amostras de água coletadas foi medida em mg / litro usando espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica. As soluções em branco e padrão para as soluções padrão de calibração do dispositivo, ou seja, 2,0 mg, 4,0 mg e 6,0, foram usadas para medir a concentração desses metais em amostras de água para verificar as medições. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente em estatística descritiva (estimativa de proporções e desvio padrão) usada para resumir a concentração média. Os resultados obtidos tanto de temperatura quanto de pH das amostras de água variaram de 10 a 36 0C e 7,0 a 8,44, enquanto o tamanho dos estágios de alevinos variou de 4,0 a 56,0 mm no comprimento total. Os resultados dos metais investigados encontrados em amostras de água de lagoas são da ordem de Zn > Mn > Ni > Cu, respectivamente. A temperatura e o pH ótimos para a carpa-capim foram principalmente entre 15 0C e 30 0C e pH 6,5 a 8,0. Concluiu-se, a partir dos resultados obtidos, que temperatura, pH e traços de metais foram considerados adequados para o crescimento de Ctenopharyngodon idella desde os estágios de alevinos até alevinos, mas a maior quantidade de zinco pode causar sua mortalidade. É um estudo preliminar sobre a cultura da carpa-capim em incubatório de peixes Bannu, portanto forneceria informações úteis para modelo de unidade de produção de sementes de peixes em um incubatório.

Assessments of some trace metals in water samples of nursery pond of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Valenciennes, 1844) in Bannu Fish Hatchery of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Abstract The present investigation was aimed to examine the concentrations of trace metals including e.g copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in water samples collected from nursery pond of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in Bannu Hatchery of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during the period from April 2018 to January 2019. The temperature and pH of each water sample were measured for the whole study duration. The concentration of Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn) in collected water samples were measured in mg/liter by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The blank and standard solutions for device calibration Standard solutions i.e., 2.0 mg, 4.0 mg, and 6.0 were used to measure the concentration of these metals in water samples to verify the measurements. The data was statistically analyzed on descriptive statistics (estimation of proportions and standard deviation) used to summarize mean concentration. The results obtained of both temperature and pH of water samples were found in ranged 10 to 36 0C and 7.0 to 8.44; whereas the size of fry stages was ranged from 4.0 to 56.0 mm in total length. The results of investigated metals found in pond water samples are in order of Zn>Mn>Ni>Cu, respectively. As optimum temperature and pH for grass carp were mostly between 15 0C and 30 0C and pH 6.5 to 8.0. It was concluded from obtained results that temperature, pH, and trace metals were found appropriate for the growth of Ctenopharyngodon idella from fry to fingerling stages, but the highest amount of zinc can cause its mortality. It is a preliminary study on grass carp culturing in Bannu fish hatchery so, it would provide useful information for model fish seed production unit in a hatchery.

Resumo A presente investigação teve como objetivo examinar as concentrações de metais traço, incluindo cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), níquel (Ni) e zinco (Zn) em amostras de água coletadas de viveiro de carpa-capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) em Incubatório de Bannu de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa durante o período de abril de 2018 a janeiro de 2019. A temperatura e o pH de cada amostra de água foram medidos durante todo o período do estudo. A concentração de cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), níquel (Ni) e zinco (Zn) nas amostras de água coletadas foi medida em mg / litro usando espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica. As soluções em branco e padrão para as soluções padrão de calibração do dispositivo, ou seja, 2,0 mg, 4,0 mg e 6,0, foram usadas para medir a concentração desses metais em amostras de água para verificar as medições. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente em estatística descritiva (estimativa de proporções e desvio padrão) usada para resumir a concentração média. Os resultados obtidos tanto de temperatura quanto de pH das amostras de água variaram de 10 a 36 0C e 7,0 a 8,44, enquanto o tamanho dos estágios de alevinos variou de 4,0 a 56,0 mm no comprimento total. Os resultados dos metais investigados encontrados em amostras de água de lagoas são da ordem de Zn > Mn > Ni > Cu, respectivamente. A temperatura e o pH ótimos para a carpa-capim foram principalmente entre 15 0C e 30 0C e pH 6,5 a 8,0. Concluiu-se, a partir dos resultados obtidos, que temperatura, pH e traços de metais foram considerados adequados para o crescimento de Ctenopharyngodon idella desde os estágios de alevinos até alevinos, mas a maior quantidade de zinco pode causar sua mortalidade. É um estudo preliminar sobre a cultura da carpa-capim em incubatório de peixes Bannu, portanto forneceria informações úteis para modelo de unidade de produção de sementes de peixes em um incubatório.

Assessments of some trace metals in water samples of nursery pond of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Valenciennes, 1844) in Bannu Fish Hatchery of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan / Avaliações de alguns vestígios de metais em amostras de água de viveiro de carpa-capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Valenciennes, 1844) em Bannu Fish Hatchery de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Abstract The present investigation was aimed to examine the concentrations of trace metals including e.g copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in water samples collected from nursery pond of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in Bannu Hatchery of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during the period from April 2018 to January 2019. The temperature and pH of each water sample were measured for the whole study duration. The concentration of Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn) in collected water samples were measured in mg/liter by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The blank and standard solutions for device calibration Standard solutions i.e., 2.0 mg, 4.0 mg, and 6.0 were used to measure the concentration of these metals in water samples to verify the measurements. The data was statistically analyzed on descriptive statistics (estimation of proportions and standard deviation) used to summarize mean concentration. The results obtained of both temperature and pH of water samples were found in ranged 10 to 36 0C and 7.0 to 8.44; whereas the size of fry stages was ranged from 4.0 to 56.0 mm in total length. The results of investigated metals found in pond water samples are in order of Zn>Mn>Ni>Cu, respectively. As optimum temperature and pH for grass carp were mostly between 15 0C and 30 0C and pH 6.5 to 8.0. It was concluded from obtained results that temperature, pH, and trace metals were found appropriate for the growth of Ctenopharyngodon idella from fry to fingerling stages, but the highest amount of zinc can cause its mortality. It is a preliminary study on grass carp culturing in Bannu fish hatchery so, it would provide useful information for model fish seed production unit in a hatchery.

Resumo A presente investigação teve como objetivo examinar as concentrações de metais traço, incluindo cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), níquel (Ni) e zinco (Zn) em amostras de água coletadas de viveiro de carpa-capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) em Incubatório de Bannu de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa durante o período de abril de 2018 a janeiro de 2019. A temperatura e o pH de cada amostra de água foram medidos durante todo o período do estudo. A concentração de cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), níquel (Ni) e zinco (Zn) nas amostras de água coletadas foi medida em mg / litro usando espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica. As soluções em branco e padrão para as soluções padrão de calibração do dispositivo, ou seja, 2,0 mg, 4,0 mg e 6,0, foram usadas para medir a concentração desses metais em amostras de água para verificar as medições. Os dados foram analisados ​​estatisticamente em estatística descritiva (estimativa de proporções e desvio padrão) usada para resumir a concentração média. Os resultados obtidos tanto de temperatura quanto de pH das amostras de água variaram de 10 a 36 0C e 7,0 a 8,44, enquanto o tamanho dos estágios de alevinos variou de 4,0 a 56,0 mm no comprimento total. Os resultados dos metais investigados encontrados em amostras de água de lagoas são da ordem de Zn > Mn > Ni > Cu, respectivamente. A temperatura e o pH ótimos para a carpa-capim foram principalmente entre 15 0C e 30 0C e pH 6,5 a 8,0. Concluiu-se, a partir dos resultados obtidos, que temperatura, pH e traços de metais foram considerados adequados para o crescimento de Ctenopharyngodon idella desde os estágios de alevinos até alevinos, mas a maior quantidade de zinco pode causar sua mortalidade. É um estudo preliminar sobre a cultura da carpa-capim em incubatório de peixes Bannu, portanto forneceria informações úteis para modelo de unidade de produção de sementes de peixes em um incubatório.

Rediscovery of presumably extinct species of Aristida in São Paulo State, Brazil / Redescoberta de espécies presumivelmente extintas de Aristida no estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Abstract Two species of Poaceae (Aristidoideae) Aristida ekmaniana Henrard and A. macrophylla Hack. considered "presumably extinct" in the Brazilian state of São Paulo were rediscovered during fieldwork. We hereby describe the location, ecosystem, and habitat type where the species were found. We suggest these grasses be removed from the list of extinct species and be placed in a category compatible with the current knowledge about their conservation status in the state of São Paulo.

Resumo Duas espécies de Poaceae (Aristidoideae), Aristida ekmaniana Henrard e A. macrophylla Hack., consideradas "presumivelmente extintas" no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foram redescobertas durante trabalho em campo. Descrição, ilustração e observações ecológicas são apresentadas, incluindo locais de observação, ecossistemas e habitats. Sugerimos a revisão do status de conservação das espécies no estado de São Paulo.

LC-MS/MS profiles, multi-element levels and biological activities of Hypericum heterophyllum Vent

Plants belonging to the genus Hypericum L. are widely used in traditional folk medicine due to their hypericin and pseudohypericin contents. In this study, we investigated the biological activity, phenolic and elemental content of methanol and acetone extracts of sheepskin grass, Hypericum heterophyllum Vent. a species that that lacks both hypericin and pseudohypericin. The total antioxidant status of the extracts was determined by commercial kits. Antibacterial effect of extracts was investigated on seven bacterial strains. Cytotoxic effects of the extracts on lung cancer cell lines were determined by MTT (3-4,5-dimethyl-thiazolyl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method. Phenolic content was determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Elements in the plant were determined by ICP-OES. The total phenolic content and antioxidant status of the species’ methanol extract were found to be higher than the acetone extract. Both of the extracts at a concentration of 20% have an antibacterial effect, especially the antibacterial effect of acetone extract. It was determined that acetone extract has an anticarcinogenic impact depending on the dose. Chlorogenic acid, miquelianin and isoquercitrin are the most abundant flavonoids in methanol and acetone extract. The plant contains Ca, K, and Mg elements in high concentrations. The phenolic substances and elements in H. heterophyllum, widely used in our country, have been presented for the first time in the literature. Besides, it can be said that the plant has antioxidant, anticarcinogen, and antimicrobial activities due to the crucial flavonoids and elements it contains

Aplicações terapêuticas do Cymbopogon citratus (capim-limão) na odontologia: uma revisão de literatura integrativa / Therapeutic applications of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) in dentistry: an integrative literature review

Introdução: O Cymbopogon citratus (capim-limão) é uma espécie herbácea pertencente à família Poaceae, que engloba aproximadamente 500 gêneros e 8.000 espécies. Objetivos: Analisar as evidências científicas disponíveis sobre as aplicações terapêuticas de Cymbopogon citratus (capim-limão) na Odontologia durante os últimos dez anos. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, que envolveu as seguintes etapas: elaboração da pergunta norteadora, estabelecimento das palavras-chave e dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão de artigos, seleção e análise crítica dos artigos, resultados, discussão e conclusão. Resultados: 8% dos artigos encontrados e analisados nessa revisão de literatura integrativa demonstraram que o Cymbopogon citratus (capim-limão) apresenta potencial terapêutico no que se refere a suas propriedades antimicrobianas, sendo considerado benéfico e promissor na inibição de patógenos colonizadores bacterianos e fúngicos dentários, além de demonstrar baixa citotoxicidade. Conclusão: Apesar da existência de diversas pesquisas in vitro que demonstram eficácia e segurança do uso de diversos compostos de origem natural, nota-se que há poucos protocolos específicos que orientem o profissional cirurgião-dentista para o uso de terapias à base de plantas medicinais e/ou fitoterápicos, como no caso do Cymbopogon citratus (capim-limão). Portanto, são necessários mais estudos para explicar e fundamentar melhor os efeitos do capim-limão na odontologia.

Introduction: Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) is an herbaceous species belonging to the Poaceae family, which includes approximately 500 genera and 8,000 species. Objectives: To analyze the available scientific evidence about therapeutic applications of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) in Dentistry over the past ten years. Methods: This is an integrative literature review, which involved the following steps: elaboration of the guiding question, establishment of keywords and criteria for inclusion and exclusion of articles, selection and critical analysis of articles, results, discussion, and conclusion. Results: 8% of the articles found and analyzed in this integrative literature review demonstrated that Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) has therapeutic potential because its antimicrobial properties, being considered beneficial and promising in the inhibition of bacterial and fungal dental colonizing pathogens, in addition presents low cytotoxicity. Conclusion: Despite the existence of several in vitro studies that demonstrate the efficacy and safety of natural compounds utilization, there are few specific protocols guiding the dental professional about using based therapies of medicinal and/or phytotherapeutic plants, as in the case of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass). Therefore, more studies are necessary to explain and provide a better validation of lemon grass effects in the dentistry practice.

Niveles de urea en leche en sistemas silvopastoriles / Urea Levels in the Milk in silvopastoral Systems

Resumen El exceso de proteína en la dieta puede generar problemas productivos y reproductivos en rumiantes. La medición de la urea en la leche permite determinar la disponibilidad ruminal de energía y proteína, y, así, hacer ajustes en la dieta de ser necesario. El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar la concentración de urea en la leche en un hato que pastorea sistemas silvopastoriles multiestrato en alta densidad. Se evaluó un sistema doble propósito en El Cerrito, Valle del Cauca (Colombia). Los animales estuvieron divididos en tres grupos de alimentación (praderas con guinea-leucaena-algarrobo, estrella-leucaena-algarrobo, y estrella-algarrobo, respectivamente). Se recolectaron muestras de leche en el ordeño de la mañana y la tarde de cada animal seleccionado en cada grupo, a las cuales se les determinó la concentración de urea (Ureasa/ Berthelot). La concentración de urea en la leche del ordeño de la mañana y la tarde estuvo correlacionada positivamente (r = 0,86), la concentración promedio fue de 22,7±9,4 mg/dl. Sin embargo, entre grupos de alimentación varió (p < 0,001), fue mayor en el primer muestreo (p < 0,001), y también se observó una amplia variación entre los muestreos de una misma base forrajera. Los sistemas silvopastoriles multiestrato presentan adecuado balance entre la materia orgánica fermentable y la proteína degradable a nivel ruminal.

Abstract Excess of protein in the diet can lead to both productive and reproductive problems in ruminants. Measuring the urea in the milk allows determining the ruminant availability of energy and protein and, therefore, to do some adjustments to the diet whenever necessary. This study aims to quantify the urea concentration in the milk in a farm that takes care of high-density multi-layer silvopastoral systems. A system with dual purpose was evaluated in El Cerrito, Valle del Cauca (Colombia). The animals were divided into three feeding groups (prairies with guinea-leucaena-algarrobo, estrella-leucaena-algarrobo and estrella-algarrobo, respectively). Samples of milk were gathered during the morning and afternoon milking from the animal selected in each group, and then the urea concentration was determined (Urease/ Berthelot). The urea concentrations in the morning and afternoon milk were correlated positively (r = 0.86), the average concentration was 22.7+9.4 mg/dl. However, the values varied between the feeding groups (p < 0.001), it was higher in the first sample (p < 0.001). Likewise, a broad variation was observed between the samples inside the same foraging basis. Multi-layer silvopastoral systems show an appropriate balance between the fermentable organic matter and the degradable protein in the ruminants.

Sugarcane bagasse or elephant grass hay in diets for goats: Performance, feeding behavior and carcass characteristics

Background: Novel feeding strategies should be developed to produce high-quality meat in current goat production systems. Objective: To evaluate the effects of castration and the association of spineless cactus with sugarcane bagasse or elephant grass hay on nutrient intake, digestibility, performance, feeding behavior and carcass traits of feedlot kids. Methods: A total of 24 male kids (12 castrated and 12 intact), with an average initial weight of 18.5 ± 3.8 kg were allotted to a completely randomized 2 x 2 factorial design (sugar cane bagasse or elephant grass hay; intact or castrated), and confined for 70 days. Results: Nutrient intake and animal performance were similar between treatments. Sugarcane bagasse increased, when compared to elephant grass hay, the digestibility of dry matter (66.12 vs 62.88; p=0.005), crude protein (74.26 vs 70.95; p=0.029) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (91.94 vs 83.07; p<0.001). The forage source affected the time spent resting, ruminating and total chewing time, but there was no effect of diet on feeding and rumination efficiencies. Elephant grass hay increased, when compared to sugarcane bagasse, hot carcass weight (9.87 vs 10.79; p=0.025) and hot carcass yield (43.81 vs 46.87; p=0.013). Intact kids produced heavier hot carcasses when compared with castrated kids (10.80 vs 9.86; p=0.014). Conclusion: Feeding intact or castrated kids with sugar cane bagasse or elephant grass hay do not affect nutrient intake and performance. Feedlot goats have improved carcass traits if kept intact and fed elephant grass hay.

Antecedentes: Se requiere desarrollar nuevas estrategias de alimentación para producir carne de alta calidad en los sistemas actuales de producción de cabras. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la castración y asociación de palma forrajera con bagazo de caña de azúcar o heno de pasto elefante sobre la ingesta de nutrientes, digestibilidad, rendimiento, comportamiento de alimentación y caracteristicas de la canal de cabritos de engorde. Métodos: Un total de 24 cabritos (12 castrados y 12 intactos) con peso inicial promedio de 18,5 ± 3,8 kg fueron asignados a un diseño factorial 2 x 2 completamente al azar (bagazo de caña de azucar o heno de pasto elefante; castrados o intactos) y confinados durante 70 días. Resultados: La ingesta de nutrientes y el rendimiento animal fueron similares entre tratamientos. El bagazo de caña de azúcar aumentó, en comparación con el heno de pasto elefante, la digestibilidad de la materia seca (66,12 vs 62,88; p=0,005), de la proteína cruda (74,26 vs 70,95; p=0,029) y de los carbohidratos no fibrosos (91,94 vs 83,07; p<0,001). La fuente de forraje afectó el tiempo de descanso, de rumia, y el tiempo total de masticación, pero no hubo efecto de la dieta sobre la eficiencia alimentacia y de la rumia. El heno de pasto elefante aumentó, en comparación con el bagazo, el peso de la canal caliente (9,87 vs 10,79; p=0,025) y el rendimiento de la canal caliente (43,81 vs 46,87; p=0,013). Los animales intactos produjeron canales calientes más pesadas en comparación con los castrados (10,80 vs 9,86; p=0,014). Conclusión: La alimentación de cabritos enteros o castrados con bagazo de caña de azúcar o heno de pasto elefante no afecta la ingesta de nutrientes y el rendimiento. Los cabritos tienen mejores características de canal si se alimentan con heno de pasto elefante y se dejan enteros.

Antecedentes: Novas estratégias de alimentação devem ser desenvolvidas para produção de carne de qualidade nos atuais sistemas de produção de caprinos. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da castração e da associação da palma forrageira com o bagaço de cana de açúcar ou feno de capim elefante no consumo de nutrientes, digestibilidade, desempenho, comportamento ingestivo e características de carcaça de cabritos confinados. Métodos: Um total de 24 caprinos (12 castrados e 12 não castrados), com peso inicial médio de 18,5 ± 3,8 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 (bagaço de cana de açúcar ou feno de capim elefante; inteiros ou castrados), confinados durante 70 dias. Resultados: O consumo de nutrientes e o desempenho dos animais foram semelhante entre os tratamentos. O bagaço de cana elevou, quando comparado com o feno, a digestibilidade da matéria seca (66,12 vs 62,88; p=0,005), proteína (74,26 vs 70,95; p=0,029) e carboidratos não fibrosos (91,94 vs 83,07; p<0,001). As fontes de fibra afetaram os tempos de ócio, ruminação e mastigação total, mas não houve efeito para as eficiências de alimentação e ruminação. O feno de capim elefante aumentou, quando comparado com o bagaço, o peso de caracaça quente (9,87 vs 10,79; p=0,025) e o rendimento de carcaça quente (43,81 vs 46,87; p=0,013). Os animais inteiros produziram carcaças quentes mais pesadas em comparação aos castrados (10,80 vs 9,86; p=0,014). Conclusão: Alimentar caprinos inteiros ou castrados com bagaço de cana ou feno de capim-elefante não interfere no consumo de nutrientes e desempenho. Caprinos confinados terão as características de carcaça melhoradas se mantidos intactos e alimentados com feno de capim elefante.

Uniformity of water distribution by a sprinkler irrigation system on a soccer field

Soccer field grass can be compared to highly sensitive crops regarding water deficit and must be irrigated throughout the year to provide decent conditions for use. For this, efficient irrigation systems are necessary to save water and energy, and this is possible, provided that they are evaluated. Therefore, this paper evaluated the water distribution uniformity, by different methodologies, for an irrigation system installed in a grass soccer field. Also, the influences of multiple spacings between sprinklers and meteorological factors on the final results were assessed. The irrigation system had Falcon 6504 sprinklers, operating at the pressure of 320 kPa. Six field essays were conducted considering overlaying water depths originated from the same irrigation system considering spacings between sprinklers varying from 6 m x 6 m, 6 m x 9 m, 9 m x 9 m, 9 m x 12 m, 12 m x 12 m, 12 m x 15 m, 15 m x 15 m, 15 m x 18 m, 18 m x 18 m, 18 m x 21 m, 21 m x 21 m, 21 m x 24 m, 24 m x 24 m, 24 m x 27 m, 27 m x 27 m, 27 m x 30 m and 30 m x 30 m. The uniformity coefficients used were: Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU), distribution uniformity coefficient (DU), absolute uniformity coefficient (UA), statistical uniformity coefficient (US), Hart uniformity coefficient (UH) and HSPA standard efficiency (UHSPA). Meteorological data were obtained during the essays. Wind speed caused reduction in the length of the water jet applied by the sprinkler and also caused a bigger effect on the water distribution uniformity. Both CU and UH showed higher values compared to the other coefficients. The increase in the spacing between the sprinklers resulted in reduced water distribution coefficients. To comply with technical and economic criteria, an arrangement of 12 m x 15 m between the Falcon 6504 sprinklers, operating at a 320 kPa pressure, is recommended.

Evaluation of the physiological potential of Panicum maximum seeds by multivariate analysis

The aim of this work was to identify efficient vigor tests for differentiating the seed lots, forecasting seedling emergence in the field and assessing the physiological quality of Panicum maximum seeds. 12 seed lots from the cultivar Tanzania and 11 seed lots from the cultivar Massai were evaluated for water content, germination, first count and germination speed index, emergence and first emergence count of seedlings in sand, root length and shoot length, analysis of SVIS® images (seedling length, vigor and uniformity index) and seedling emergence in the field. The work was conducted in a completely randomized design for tests performed in the laboratory and in randomized blocks for tests in the field. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means compared by Scott Knott's test at 5% probability and statistical multivariate clustering analysis and principal components analysis. The shoot and root length tests are efficient for the evaluation of the physiological potential of P. maximum cv. Massai, while the seedling length, vigor index and growth uniformity index tests using image analysis, seedling emergence in sand and first seedling emergence count in sand are efficient in assessing the physiological potential of seeds of P. maximum cv. Tanzania, and providing information similar to that of seedling emergence in the field.

In vitro establishment and multiplication of Echynochloa polystachya

The objective of this work was to carry out the in vitro establishment of Echynochloa polystachya aiming at obtaining a micropropagation protocol for works involving the selection of superior genotypes and the cultivation of the species. E. polystachya stems were collected in the municipality of Manaus-AM. Explants were inoculated in test tubes containing Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Thirty days after in vitro establishment, the rate of sprouting and contamination were evaluated. Experiments were also carried out to assess the effects of sucrose and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentrations on the tillering rate of explants. It was found that during the successive subcultures there was a decrease in internodes and the consequent loss of vigor. There were responses in the multiplication rate at concentrations starting from 45 g L-1 sucrose. In addition, BAP and sucrose interfered the development and in vitro multiplication. Sucrose in conjunction with BAP was harmful and shortened internodes. The physiological state of the explants for the species under study was intrinsically linked to the concentrations of sucrose used for the culture medium and the concentrations of BAP. However, the sucrose and BAP concentrations suggested for in vitro cultivation of E. Polystachya must be adjusted during successive subcultures. Absence of contamination in the in vitro establishment occurred at concentrations 15, 30 and 60 g L-1 sucrose. The combination of 1.5 mg L-1 BAP and 30 g L-1 sucrose promoted greater induction of sprouts. In addition, the in vitro rooting of E. polystachya was 45%.

The use of light-transparent acetate sheet to measure canopy height of marandu palisadegrass: the influence of development stage and sward height

The use of light-transparent acetate sheet (LAS) may generate variations in the height measured in the sward. However, we compared the use or non-use of LAS to measure the average sward height of marandu palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha syn. Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) pastures. In the first experiment, the methods were applied in pastures with different average heights (15, 25, 35, and 45 cm), managed under continuous stocking with sheep, and with predominance of vegetative tillers. The shorter pastures (15 and 25 cm) had similar heights with or without the use of the LAS. However, in the taller pastures (35 and 45 cm), the use of LAS resulted in lower height values, compared with its absence. In the second experiment, we compared both methods for measuring the height of deferred marandu palisadegrass and fertilized with two nitrogen levels (50 and 200 kg ha-1) and with high presence of reproductive tillers. A completely randomized design with four replicates was adopted. With 200 kg ha-1 of N, the canopy height was greater than when it was fertilized with 50 kg ha-1 of N. With the use of LAS, the height of deferred and reproductive canopy was greater than without it. In a taller marandu palisadegrass pasture with predominance of vegetative tillers, the use of LAS results in smaller height, contrary to what occurs in deferred swards with reproductive tillers.

La suplementación estratégica de bucerros manejados en pasturas con predominio de Hymenachne amplexicaulis estimula las conductas de ingestión y mejora la ganancia de peso / Strategic supplementation of buffalo calves managed in pastures with a predominance of Hymenachne amplexicaulis stimulates ingestion behavior and improves weight gain

Introducción: En Colombia, la producción bufalina viene creciendo de forma importante. Los búfalos se adaptan bien a zonas aluviales, que se caracterizan por la presencia de especies de gramíneas nativas, como Hymenachne amplexicaulis. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de diferentes tipos de suplementación sobre el desempeño productivo y comportamiento ingestivo de bucerros manejados en pasturas con predominio de Hymenachne amplexicaulis. Materiales y métodos: Treinta bucerros Murrah, con 67.5 (DE=2) kg de peso y 4 meses de edad, se asignaron, aleatoriamente, sí son tres tratamientos: SS: sin suplementación; SM: suplemento mineral y SM+C: suplemento mineral + balanceado (0.5% peso corporal). Los animales pastorearon en praderas con predominio de Hymenachne amplexicaulis, y en la noche recibieron el suplemento en corrales. Las variables estudiadas fueron la ganancia de peso y el tiempo destinado a realizar diferentes conductas de ingestión, además de las tasas de bocados y estaciones de alimentación. Resultados: El consumo diario de mezcla mineral fue de 33.8 g en los dos grupos suplementados, y el de balanceado de 149.3 g. La oferta de SM y de SM+C produjo un incremento extra en la ganancia de peso de 68 y de 227 g, respectivamente (p <0.001). Los animales suplementados presentaron mayor tiempo de pastoreo (p<0.001) y menor tiempo de rumia (p =0.001). La relación beneficio/costo, para los tratamientos SM y SM+C, fue de 4.2 y 4.3, respectivamente. Conclusión: Bajo las condiciones de estudio, las dos estrategias de suplementación evaluadas mejoraron el desempeño de los animales y presentaron viabilidad económica, en especial la oferta simultanea de mezcla mineral y de alimento balanceado.

Introduction: In Colombia, buffalo production has been growing significantly. Buffaloes adapt well to alluvial areas, which are characterized by the presence of native grass species, such as Hymenachne amplexicaulis. Objective: To evaluate the effect of different strategies of supplementation on the productive performance and ingestive behavior of calves managed in pastures with a predominance of Hymenachne amplexicaulis. Materials and methods: Thirty Murrah calves, weighing 67.5 (SD=2) kg and 4 months old, were randomly assigned to three treatments: SS: no supplementation; SM: mineral supplement and SM+C: mineral supplement + concentrate (0.5% body weight). The animals grazed in meadows with a predominance of Hymenachne amplexicaulis, and at night they received the supplement in pens. The variables studied were weight gain and time spent on different eating behaviors, in addition to biting rate and feeding stations. Results: The mineral mixture consumption was 33.8 g in the SM and SM+C groups, and the balanced consumption was 149.3 g. The supply of SM and SM+C produced an extra increase in weight gain of 68 and 227 g, respectively (p < 0.001). Supplemented animals grazed longer (p<0.001) and ruminated less time (p =0.001). The benefit/cost ratio for the SM and SM+C treatments was 4.2 and 4.3, respectively. Conclusion: Under the study conditions, the supplementation strategies evaluated improved the performance of the animals and presented economic viability, especially the simultaneous offer of mineral mix and balanced feed.

Descripción del nido de Phyllotis andium (Cricetidae: Phyllotini) en un matorral seco interandino en Ecuador / Nest description of Phyllotis andium (Cricetidae: Phyllotini) in a inter Andean dry scrub in Ecuador

Resumen En este trabajo describimos la estructura del nido de Phyllotis andium Thomas, 1912 en un matorral seco interandino al sur de la provincia del Azuay en Ecuador y el uso de un pasto introducido en su fabricación. Se presentan también observaciones sobre sociabilidad y abundancia de esta especie. Estos datos proporcionan nueva información sobre las relaciones intraespecíficas de estos roedores y su historia natural.

Abstract In this work, we describe the structure of the nest of Phyllotis andium Thomas, 1912 in an inter-Andean dry scrub in the south of the Azuay province in Ecuador, and the use of an introduced grass in their manufacture. Observations on sociability and abundance of this species are also presented. These data provide new information on the intraspecific relationships of these rodents and their natural history.

Grass pollen sensitization in dogs in Paraná, Brazil: comparison between percutaneous and intradermal testing / [Sensibilização a polens em cães no Paraná, Brasil: comparação entre o teste percutâneo e o teste intradérmico]

Canine atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory, genetic, pruritic and chronic dermatosis that affects between 10 and 30% of dogs and one of the most important allergens is grass pollen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitization to grass pollen allergens in dogs with canine atopic dermatitis and to compare intradermal skin test (IDT) with percutaneous test (PT). For this study, ten healthy dogs and 39 dogs with atopic dermatitis were tested. Dogs were submitted to IDT and PT for Lolium multiflorum, Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum notatum. The IDT and PT tests were compared using the Proportion Test. All healthy dogs were negative to both tests. Ten atopic dogs (25.6%) responded positively to the PT and none were positive in IDT. C. dactylon, L. multiflorum and P. notatum were responsible for positive reactions in 70%, 70% and 30% of positive dogs, respectively. The number of positive reactions in PT were statistically higher than IDT (P<0.05). In conclusion, grass pollen can be important source of allergens for dogs in Paraná state (Brazil) and the PT showed higher sensitization to grass pollen in dogs with atopic dermatitis than IDT.(AU)

A dermatite atópica canina é uma dermatose inflamatória, genética, prurítica e crônica que afeta entre 10% e 30% dos cães, e um dos alérgenos mais importantes são os polens de gramíneas. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a sensibilização a alérgenos de polens de gramíneas em cães com dermatite atópica e comparar o teste intradérmico (TID) com o teste percutâneo (TP). Para o estudo, 10 cães hígidos e 39 cães com dermatite atópica foram testados. Estes foram submetidos ao TID e ao TP para Lolium multiflorum, Cynodon dactylon e Paspalum notatum. TID e TP foram comparados usando-se o teste de proporção. Todos os cães hígidos foram negativos em ambos os testes. Dez cães atópicos (25,6%) responderam positivamente ao TP e nenhum ao TID. C. dactylon, L. multiflorum e P. notatum foram responsáveis por reações positivas de 70%, 70% e 30% dos cães positivos, respectivamente. O número de reações positivas no TP foi estatisticamente maior que no TID (P<0,05). Foi concluído que os polens de gramíneas podem ser importantes fontes de alérgenos para cães no estado do Paraná (Brasil) e que o TP mostrou maior sensibilização a polens em cães com dermatite atópica que o TID.(AU)

Molecular diagnosis and immunotherapy selection in a Portuguese population sensitized to grass and olive pollens / Diagnóstico molecular e seleção de imunoterapia numa população portuguesa sensibilizada ao pólen de gramíneas e de oliveira

Introduction: Phleum pratense (Phl p) and Olea europaea (Ole e) are common allergenic pollen. Objectives: To describe the sensitization patterns to Phl p and Ole e allergens in a subset of allergic rhinitis patients with positive skin prick tests (SPTs) to these pollens and compare the allergen immunotherapy (AIT) choice before and after determination of molecular components. Methods: Candidates to pollen immunotherapy with positive SPTs to both Phl p and Ole e were recruited. All of them underwent an SPT with a panel of aeroallergens and measurements of serum specific IgE (sIgE) to Phl p, Ole e, Phl p1, Phl p5, Phl p7, Phl p12, Ole e1, Ole e7, and Bet v2. Results: Forty adults were included. Of these, 83% and 65% were sIgE-positive to Phl p and Ole e, using the 0.35 kUA/L and 0.70 kUA/L cut-offs, respectively. Moreover, 42.5% of patients had positive sIgE to Phl p1 and/or Phl p5, 2.5% only to Ole e1, and 47.5% to both (0.35 kUA/L cutoff). By increasing the cut-off to 0.7 kUA/L, 55% of patients were sensitized to Phl p1 and/or Phl p5, and no patient was sensitized only to Ole e1. After component-resolved diagnosis, AIT choice was changed in 15 (37.5%) patients, with a decrease in the number of prescriptions of AIT with both grass and olive pollens and with olive alone, together with an increase in the prescriptions of AIT with grass pollen alone. Conclusion: Genuine sensitization to Olea europaea was reduced, and the sensitization patterns were heterogeneous. Knowledge of pattern of sensitization to molecular components changed immunotherapy prescription in more than one third of the patients.

Introdução: Os polens de Phleum pratense (Phl p) e de Olea europaea (Ole e) são fontes alergênicas comuns. Objetivos: Descrever os padrões de sensibilização aos alergênios destes dois polens num subconjunto de pacientes com rinite alérgica polínica e comparar a escolha de imunoterapia, antes e depois da determinação de alergênios moleculares para Phl p e Ole e. Métodos: Foram recrutados candidatos para imunoterapia com polens, com testes cutâneos positivos para Phl p e Ole e. Todos realizaram um painel de testes em picada a aeroalergênios e determinação de IgE séricas específicas para Phl p, Ole e, rPhl p1, rPhl p5, rPhl p7, rPhl p 12, rOle e 1, nOle e 7, rBet v2. Resultados: Foram incluídos 40 adultos. Em relação à sIgE para Phl p e Ole e, 83% e 65% dos pacientes apresentaram positividade para ambos, usando o cut-off de 0,35 kUA/L e 0,70 kUA/L, respectivamente. A positividade para Phl p1 e/ou Phl p 5 foi encontrada em 42,5%, para Ole e 1 apenas em 2,5%, enquanto 47,5% apresentaram sIgE positivo para ambos (cut-off corte de 0,35 kUA/L). Aumentando o cut-off para 0,7 kUA/L, 55% foram sensibilizados para Phl p1 e/ou Phl p5, nenhum paciente foi sensibilizado apenas para Ole e 1. Após a determinação dos alergênios para os componentes moleculares, a escolha de imunoterapia foi alterada em 15 (37,5%) pacientes, com uma diminuição no número de vacinas para Phleum + Olea e apenas para Olea e um aumento na prescrição de vacinas para Phleum. Conclusão: A sensibilização genuína do Olea europaea foi reduzida e os padrões de sensibilização foram heterogêneos. O conhecimento da sensibilização aos componentes moleculares dos alergênios mudou a prescrição de imunoterapia em mais de um terço dos pacientes.

Optimization Tifton-85 grass cutting for productivity and nutrient value

The objective of this work was to determine the impact of cutting Tifton-85 grass at 14, 28, 42, 46, 70, and 80 days of regrowth on its production and nutritional characteristics during the rainy season. The study area of 238 m2 was divided into four sub-area, with 6 plots of 2 × 2 m spaced 1 m between plots and 2 m between sub-area. Random block design was used. The statistical analyses were performed following a randomized block design. Results were obtained as means from evaluations conducted in two consecutive years. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) increased as the cutting age increased. However, crude protein, NDF nitrogen, ADF nitrogen and leaves/stem relationship decreased as the cutting age increased. The production of digestible dry matter increased linearly as the cutting age increased. Similarly, grass height, green matter and dry matter production (DMP) increased as the cutting age increased. The different cutting age did not influence the nitrogen A, B1 + B2, and B3 fractions of the grass. However, the C fraction increased as the cutting age increased. Longer intervals between cuts increased the grass productivity per cut, but compromised its nutritional composition and leaves/stem relationship. For Tifton -85, the regrowth age of 28 days allows greater production of dry matter and greater accumulated production of crude protein and digestive dry matter in the rainy season or over time.

Development of a liquid-liquid microextraction GC-MS method for simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic analysis of β- elemene in rat plasma after administration of citronella grass extract / 药学学报

We established a simple and sensitive GC-MS method for the determination of β-elemene in rat plasma and measured the pharmacokinetics of citronella grass extract in rats. Plasma samples were pretreated using liquid-liquid microextraction: 100 μL of plasma sample (containing naphthalene as the internal standard) was extracted with 50 μL of n-hexane. The determination was performed on DB-5ms column (30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm). The initial column temperature was 60 ℃ and raised to 160 ℃ at a rate of 50 ℃·min-1, maintained for 3 min, and finally increased to 260 ℃ for 3 min. Helium was the carrier gas and the flow rate was 0.15 mL·min-1. The injection volume was 2 μL. EI and selected monitored ions pattern were used for ion scanning with m/z 128 (naphthalene) and m/z 93 (β-elemene). Citronella grass extract was administered to rats by intragastric administration and intravenous administration (containing β-elemene 55 mg·kg-1), and plasma was collected and prepared using an automated blood collection system. The linear range of β-elemene in plasma was 1.0-250 ng·mL-1 (r = 0.997), the limit of quantification was 1.0 ng·mL-1, the accuracy was -4.47% - -0.85%, the extraction recovery was between 56.02%-66.89%, and no obvious matrix effect (94.28%-108.63%) was found. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of β-elemene were AUC0-t (23.56 ± 4.40) ng·mL-1, tmax (1.67 ± 0.58) h, Cmax (7.36 ± 0.69) ng·mL-1, MRT0-t (2.76 ± 0.27) h, t1/2z (2.73 ± 1.36) h, Vz (7.39 ± 3.18) L·kg-1, CLz (1.95 ± 0.51) L·h-1·kg-1, and the absolute bioavailability was about 8.78%. The method is simple, accurate, and sensitive, and is suitable for the pharmacokinetic analysis of β-elemene in citronella grass extract in rats. All animal studies were implemented according to protocols, which were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences.